Monolithic kernels are the simpler design. All kernels were designed in this manner until the 1980s. Monolithic kernels are implemented entirely as a single process running in a single address space. All kernel services exist and execute in the large kernel address space. Communication within the kernel is trivial because everything runs in kernel mode in the same address space: The kernel can invoke functions directly,as a user-space application might. Proponents of this model cite the simplicity and performance of the monolithic approach. MostUnixsystems are monolithic in design.
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